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The Fallacy of the Turning Point

July 11, 2008

 

A few weeks ago, Jason Giambi led the Yankees to a dramatic come from behind victory with a two out, two run walk off home run. Fans cheered, the Yankees grinned from ear to ear, and for five minutes, everyone forgot the terrible start by Chein-Ming Wang.

It’s a turning point in the season, people exclaimed. This is the kind of game that turns a club around. This game will push them forward despite a lackluster first few months.

It would be nice if that were the case and, Yankee Gods willing, it might have even happened. If it did, it would have been coincidence.

People like to talk a lot about momentum in sports. It’s almost comical, really. What happened was, many years ago, people realized that they couldn't rationally explain the ups and downs of a professional sport team. Why would a team win five in a row one week, then lose four in a row the next? The usual reasons (and usually correct reasons) based on performance weren't very sexy and a little too after the fact. People needed to be smarter.

Enter momentum. The theory is that winning games creates momentum. When a team wins a particularly dramatic game, even if they give up eight runs like the Yankees did that day, they have built character, confidence, and therefore, momentum (C+C=M for those taking notes).

This theory is great in the unaccountable world of sports commentating. You get to sound like you have some insight into how the game is played while giving fans hope by regurgitating a tired old cliché that doesn't mean anything. And four days later, when the "momentum team" has lost four in a row, you can simply ignore it and discuss how their pitching still stinks.

And that's really the point. I'm sure Giambi's home run made all of the Yankee players really happy. But will that happiness make Cano hit better over the next week? Will Wang's next start be better because Giambi bailed him out this time? Will Jeter gain an extra step up the middle while riding the high of Thursday's win?

Doubtful. Momentum goes as far as the next game's starter. If the next Yankee pitcher throws a good game, that will contribute a heck of a lot more to winning than momentum. Of course, Yankee pitching has been a bit of a hodge podge, with the resurrected Mike Mussina becoming the improbable ace of the staff.  But all of the Yankees' pitchers are capable of giving a quality start, and when a couple of pitchers in a row have good games, next thing you know, you have "momentum."

Winning breeds momentum and confidence and chemistry and all the intangibles we can't substantiate in sports, not vice versa. But like everything else in life, we feel a need to explain the unexplainable. That inability to explain everything is what makes it fun.

Momentum naturally segues into another conversation, one that centers on team chemistry.  Like character and confidence, chemistry begins with a "C."  It's also about as difficult to define as its consonant brethren.  

I've often been mystified about team chemistry because it seems so detectible to the naked eye.  When baseball players are celebrating good plays on the field, they appear to have chemistry.  When they can't hit or pitch worth a lick and hang their heads, they seem to lack chemistry.  All of which leads me to believe that chemistry, much like momentum, is something built on success.  Everyone is happy when everyone wins.

I found myself in a drawn out discussion with a fellow Internet user a while ago regarding chemistry.  They were nice enough to visit my little blog and read my bio, in which I stated that I thought chemistry was a myth.  I didn't clarify that I actually believe chemistry can be a good thing but that it does not, in fact, lead to inflated statistics by players.  This reader lambasted me for such an ignorant observation and claimed that the Blue Jays pre-Joe Carter and Roberto Alomar and post Carter/Alomar were proof of chemistry.

Proof of chemistry?  The Holy Grail of baseball lore?  I had to investigate.

I quickly looked up the early 1990's Blue Jays, hoping to see team chemistry jump out at me.  I dug and dug and dug, and decided that the only way to figure out if the Blue Jays had truly used team chemistry to overhaul their roster and make themselves better was to compare the team before the trade for Carter and Alomar in 1990 to the World Series team in 1992.

Here's what I found:

Of the 29 main contributors to the 1990 "bad chemistry" team, defining a main contributor as at least 70 at bats or eight appearances as a pitcher, 19 of those players returned for the 1991 season, for a 34% roster turnover.

That's a lot but not to bad.

The 1990 team scored 767 runs and allowed 661 for a team ERA of 3.84 and a run differential of 106, which is pretty good.

The 1991 team scored 684 runs (-83) and allowed 622 (-39) for a team ERA of 3.50 and a run differential of 62, which is less than 1990.

So while the pitching improved, it didn't makeup for the turnover in offense and actually made the Blue Jays 44 runs worse than before the trade.

Of the 1992 roster, the first of two World Series winners, there were eleven players leftover from the 1990 "bad chemistry" team, for a turnover of 62%, more than half the roster.

The 1992 team scored 780 runs, up 96 from 1991 and 13 from 1990, and allowed 682 runs, down 2 from 1990 and up 60 from 1991, for a team ERA of 3.91, worst of the three years.  The run differential, however, was back up to 98, which is pretty good.

Now, with this complete makeover in roster in the name of team chemistry, one would expect that, with chemistry better, the existing players from 1990 would perform better on the 1992 team.  So let's break that down.

1990                 Avg    OBP       Slg

Greg Myers     .236    . 293     .332  

John Olerud    .265     .364     .430  

Kelly Gruber    .274     .330     .512  

Manuel Lee     .243     .288     .340  

Pat Borders     .286     .319     .497  

Total              1.304   1.594   2.111  

       

                                  ERA      W      L

Dave Stieb                2.93     18       6  

David Wells              3.14     11       6  

Duane Ward             3.45            8  

Jimmy Key                4.25     13       7  

Todd Stottlemyre      4.34     13     17  

Tom Henke               2.17            4  

Total                      20.28      59      48

 

1992                Avg     OBP      Slg

Greg Myers    .230     .279     .377  

John Olerud   .284     .375     .450  

Kelly Gruber   .229     .275     .352  

Manuel Lee    .263     .343     .316  

Pat Borders    .242     .290     .385  

Total             1.248   1.562   1.880  

       

                                    ERA     W       L    

Dave Stieb                5.04              6  

David Wells               5.40              9  

Duane Ward             1.95               4  

Jimmy Key                3.53        13     13  

Todd Stottlemyre      4.50        12     11  

Tom Henke               2.26                2  

Total                        22.68       46      45

 

Difference between 1990 and 1992:

 

Avg -.056

OBP -.032

Slg -.231

 

ERA +2.40 (went up)

W –13

L –3 (less losses)

 

In every statistic except losses, the players who were on the 1990 team performed worse as a group than they did in 1992.  Meyers, Olerud, Ward, and Key saw their statistics improve, although Meyers only had 61 at bats and Olerud was 23, finishing his third season at a young age and priming to break out in 1993.

While the chemistry may have been better on the team, it didn't positively impact the players that played on both teams to perform better in 1992.

So what have I proven?  Not much, probably.  Realistically, trying to prove chemistry or momentum as aberrations is an impossible task, because like so many things in baseball, they're rooted in human nature.  It's natural for Joe Fan to want to look at his team and see good chemistry when they're winning.  He feels good when they win and so do the players.  He feels momentum when his team wins a few games in a row and so do the players.  We see it because we feel it.  It makes us a part of the game because we're sharing in that elation with our team.

That doesn't mean I can play centerfield for the New York Yankees.

 

 

 

Scott Ham can be reached at scotth23@hotmail.com

 
 

COMMENTS (11 Comments, most recent shown first)

bjames
Agreeing with Richie, and I appreciate his comments. This subject relates to something I wrote in 2003, for the Handbook:

Do you remember those high school/college bull sessions that start out with a question like “Do you believe in ghosts?” This drifts into a general discussion of the paranormal, so that, beginning with ghosts, you find yourself in the middle of a meandering discussion which involves re-incarnation, mind-reading, witchcraft, whether or not some people have some ability to foresee future events, psychic crime-solving, dreams, teleportation, karma, angels, altered states of consciousness, the after-life, the soul, and the movies Poltergeist and Ghost Busters. Eventually, some greasy-haired slacker from the third floor will bring up alien abductions, at which point it is time to hit the books.
These subjects are not really related, one to another, but what you are talking about is the unknown. It has no very specific dimensions or borders. The discussion bounces from one area to another because no one knows exactly where one ends and the next begins.

End of quote. This is the "paranormal" part of the baseball discussion. We start discussing momentum, and we drift into a discussion of chemistry--but the two subjects really have nothing whatsoever to do with one another. A person may believe in extra terrestrials, but not in ghosts, or in ghosts, but not in extra terrestrial life. The issues are not really connected, but they wind up in the same sack because of our inability to measure them.
7:32 PM Jul 12th
 
Richie
Fine, I'll post some possibilities.

"Not creating obstacles to winning." Jim Bouton, on how the '69 Astros deciding 'we need to win despite manager Harry Walker' led them to lose, as it gave them an excuse to. Their thinking their manager Harry Walker was lousy.

"Providing a good example of hard work." Curt Flood re Stan Musial and his frequent batting practice. Counterexample: Coach Sharman discussing with '72 Lakers West and Goodrich how to structure a training camp practice, at some point West asks 'what do we do after that?', Goodrich answers 'then we go back to the hotel and wake up Wilt.'

Really liking your teammates. Jerry Kramer posited this in his '67 book 'Instant Replay'. Counterexamples: Famously hard-to-get-along-with superstars who's teams never won. Cobb. Ted Williams. Bonds. Counterargument: Jerry Kramer noting in his '68 book that when the '68 team started losing, players stopped liking each other and started sniping at each other. He took this to indicate winning led to a good clubhouse atmosphere, rather than vice versa.

I'm sure there's plenty of other sport-literary suggestions out there. The crux would still be there. How to identify such situations/manifestations BEFORE such-and-such teams win or lose. After the fact, confirmation bias kicks in heavily when dealing with such event data.
6:12 PM Jul 12th
 
Richie
"First of all, what is it?" To repeat a question. Yours, to be precise.

Posed as a fan of the notion. Inclined to be, anyways.
5:52 PM Jul 12th
 
bjames
I think momentum in baseball, if it exists, is at such a low level as to be something we can profitably ignore. Chemistry is very different. First of all, what is it?

As to whether the Oakland A's had good chemistry, bad chemistry, whatever. . .I have no idea, and as to whether they are an exception to the rule, again, I am not in a position to comment. There are a raft of possibilities. . .for example, the chemistry of the teams they were competing against may have been even worse, and of course luck can reverse what would otherwise be predictable outcomes.

But surely anyone can see the absurdity of trying to conclude that team chemistry has no impact, based on the example of a single team 30 years ago, or even a group of a dozen teams over the last 40 years. Supposing that a team with poor pitching wins the World Series, would this prove that pitching is unimportant? Supposing that a team with little power wins the World Series, would this prove that power is unimportant? Of course it would not, and you would all see that. It is no less absurd to offer a single example as proof of the insignificance of team chemistry.
2:45 PM Jul 12th
 
Richie
Since I see this as a poor forum to talk about how great atheism is, moral consistency demands of me that I not write here about how stupid I think atheism is.

As to 'momentum', Mr. James many years ago went on record as stating that he didn't think it much existed. Does anyone here disagree with this?

On to 'chemistry'. OK it's difficult to measure. That shouldn't mean it's difficult to identify. Mr. James, in what way was the 70s A's chemistry 'good' rather than 'bad'? Or were those A's just the chemistry exception, overcoming bad chemistry through luck and/or talent? More generally, what are the physical manifestations of 'good chemistry' and 'bad chemistry'?
12:14 AM Jul 12th
 
ScottHam
I tend to believe that bad chemistry has more of an impact that good chemistry. The mental side certainly plays a large factor in the game, but that is a very individual effect. I'm just not sure that a positive clubhouse will make players perform consistently above their norms.
11:08 PM Jul 11th
 
sharc
Couldn't agree with you more about the meaninglessness of momentum, especially in baseball.
10:26 PM Jul 11th
 
bjames
I strongly disagree that team chemistry is mythical or that it is exaggerated. I think it is probably MORE important than most fans believe, not less. You guys are falling into the trap of thinking that that which is difficult to measure must be unimportant. It isn't.
10:20 PM Jul 11th
 
evanecurb
I think ballplayers, commentators, and fans are generally more interested in the emotion of their sport than in dispassionate analysis of it, so are attracted to concepts such as momentum, character, gutting out a win, digging deep, etc. I have always found it to be nonsense. At the same time I recognize that no real harm is being done except in those cases where belief in the false concept leads to bad decision-making by team management.
5:28 PM Jul 11th
 
jollydodger
Momentum and chemistry are the same as Gods and Goddesses......things we conjure up to explain what we do not yet understand. As we've increased our knowledge, religion turns into mythology (painfully gradually), and so too will momentum and chemistry.
2:57 PM Jul 11th
 
THBR
My one comment: Oakland A's in the early 1970s. At any given moment during 5 years, the team was split into 3 different groups each of which hated the guts of the other 2 groups. Nevertheless, the team managed to win 3 straight pennants and World Series (1972-73-74) preceded and followed ('71 and '75) by contending (unsuccessfully) in the LCS. Is this evidence of "anti-chemistry"??

Note: now you need the apostrophe, as twice "its" is a contraction of "it is". Aren't you glad I wasn't your grade school teacher? I'm teasing -- please keep up the good work! And who said you CAN'T play centerfield for the New York Yankees?
2:29 PM Jul 11th
 
 
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